GENERAL INFORMATION on EGYPT
HISTORY
The most important factor on the existence of Egypt, as one of the famous capitals of ancient civilizations, is the existence of River Nile. Along with Mesopotamia, one of the first agricultural societies emerged in Egypt 7000 years ago. The area between Aswan and the river delta next to Mediterranean coast became the center of settlements throughout the history.
The cultivated land of Egypt was created by the rich alluvium carried by the River Nile from the south. This black soil was left on the ground by the annual rising of the Nile and forms a sharp contrast to the red coloured desert sand which covers everyehere else in the country. The black alluvion covered part is called 'Keme' (the Black Land) and the remaining desert areas are called 'Deshret' (the Red Lands). These names have been used since the ancient times.
The Egyptian civilization since the ancient times strongly relied on a successful agricultural system. Fertile Nile Valley and a well-structured irrigation system have maintained a steady food surples for Egyptians for the last 7000 years.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION IN CHRONOLOGICAL ORDER (Dynasties and Rulers) :
Prehistoric Era:
Lower Paleolithic Age (250,000 - 90,000 BP*)
Middle Paleolithic Age (90,000 - 30,000 BP)
Late Paleolithic Age (30,000 BP - 7000 BC)
Neolithic Age (7000 - 4800 BC)
Predynastic Period (4800 - 3050 BC)
Upper Egypt:
Badarian Culture (4800 - 4200 BC)
Amratian Culture (=Nagada I) (4200 - 3700 BC)
Gerzean A Culture (=Nagada II) (3700 - 3250 BC)
Gerzean B Culture (=Nagada III) (3250 - 3050 BC)
Lower Egypt:
Fayum A Culture (4800 - 4250 BC)
Merimde Culture (4500 - 3500 BC)
Archaic Period (3050 - 2705 BC)
Old Kingdom (2705 - 2213 BC)
First Intermediate Period (2213 - 1991 BC)
Middle Kingdom (1991 - 1668 BC)
Second Intermediate Period (1668 - 1570 BC)
New Kingdom (1570 - 1070 BC)
Late Period (1070 - 656 BC)
Dynasties 21-24
Dynasty 25 (Kushite Domination)
Assyrian Domination
Saite Period (685 - 525 BC)
Persian Period (525 - 332 BC)
Greek and Roman Period (332 BC - AD 395)
Macedonian Kings (332 - 304 BC)
The Ptolemies (332 - 30 BC)
Roman Period (30 BC - AD 395)
Byzantine Period (395 - 640)
Roman Emperors (30 BC - 395 AD)
Eastern Roman Emperors (393 - 641)
Third Persian Occupation (619 - 629)
Arab Conquest and the Islamic Period (640 - Today)
Governor of Egypt for Rashidun Khalifs (640 - 658)
Governors for Umayyad Khalifs (658 - 750)
Governors for Abbasid Khalifs (750 - 868)
Tulunids (868 - 905)
Governors for Abbasid Khalifs (905 - 935)
Ikhshids (935 - 969)
Fatimid Khalifs (969 - 1171)
Ayyubid Sultans (1169 - 1250)
Bahri Mamluk Sultans (Dawlat al-Turk) (1250 -1382)
Burji Mamluk Sultans (Dawlat al-Jarkus) (1382 - 1517)
Pashas for Ottoman Sultans (1517 - 1805)
French occupation under Bonaparte (1798 - 1801)
Muhammad Alids (1805 - 1953)
Republic declared (March 1953)
